**FOR USE WITH AP LIFESTYLES** A tomato is picked from it's vine in a garden in New Market, Va., Saturday, July 19, 2008. Harvesting fruits and vegetables at the peak of their maturity is the goal of most home gardeners but not all varieties make for easy picking. They're difficult to gauge for ripeness. The best way to tell if the time is ripe is to do a taste test. This tomato is ready -- full red and firm. At this stage, it should be eaten or preserved immediately. (AP Photo/Dean Fosdick)
The long-awaited tomato harvest has begun. Tomatoes are ripening, but what's with the blackened leathery spot on the bottom? We put in all kinds of time and energy to grow lovely delicious tomatoes, and these are ugly. The problem is blossom end rot, a physiological issue. It's not a disease, so the unaffected parts of the tomato are still edible, once you cut away the blackened part. BER can also affect peppers and eggplant, although the discoloration may look different in them.
This fruit disorder is directly related to soil moisture and soil calcium. BER is common when plants grow rapidly early in the season. It is exacerbated by windy, dry weather. As plants grow, they need more water, especially while the fruits are developing. If soils get too dry or too wet, roots can't absorb the water or nutrients they need, and plants can't grow properly. Moisture fluctuations reduce calcium uptake.
BER is often attributed to calcium deficiency, with the addition of lime being a recommended solution. Nevada soils are high in calcium, and adding lime (calcium carbonate) is not the answer. Lime makes a soil more alkaline, and since most Nevada soils are too alkaline to begin with, this is not a good idea. Foliar applications of calcium are of little value. Another possible factor in BER is hoeing too close to the plants. This can damage or cut shallow feeder roots preventing them from adequate moisture absorption.
What's a gardener to do? Maintain a soil pH of 6.3 to 7. Keep plants evenly watered from planting to harvest. This means avoiding overwatering early in the season when soils are still cool, and avoiding underwatering later as the weather heats up. As it gets hotter, mulch about 2 feet around the plant to conserve soil moisture. Mulching too early will keep soils too cold for good root development. Overfertilizing, particularly with high-nitrogen fertilizers, can increase BER because this causes rapid vegetative growth. Slow-release or organic fertilizers are good options.
Some tomato varieties are more prone to BER than others. Next year, plant indeterminant or semi-indeterminant varieties rather than determinant bush varieties. Indeterminant types grow fruit over the whole season, while determinant types produce many fruits late in the season. The flush of fruit production is hard on nutrient uptake.
Keep your tomatoes happy and irrigate efficiently.
• JoAnne Skelly is the Carson City/Storey County Extension educator for UNR Cooperative Extension
and may be reached at skellyj@unce.unr.edu or 887-2252.
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